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The African penguin (''Spheniscus demersus''), also known as the jackass penguin and black-footed penguin is a species of penguin, confined to southern African waters. It is also widely known as the "jackass" penguin for its donkey-like bray,〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title= The Vocal Repertoire of the African Penguin (''Spheniscus demersus''): Structure and Function of Calls )〕 although several related species of South American penguins produce the same sound. Like all extant penguins it is flightless, with a streamlined body, and wings stiffened and flattened into flippers for a marine habitat. Adults weigh on average and are tall. It has distinctive pink patches of skin above the eyes and a black facial mask; the body upperparts are black and sharply delineated from the white underparts, which are spotted and marked with a black band. The pink gland above their eyes helps them to cope with changing temperatures. When the temperature gets hotter, the body of the African penguin sends more blood to these glands to be cooled by the air surrounding it. This then causes the gland to turn a darker shade of pink. The African penguin is a pursuit diver and feeds primarily on fish and squid. Once extremely numerous, the African penguin is declining due to a combination of threats and is classified as endangered. It is a charismatic species and is popular with tourists. ==Taxonomy== The African penguin was one of the many bird species originally described by Linnaeus in the landmark 1758 10th edition of his ''Systema Naturae'', where he grouped it with the wandering albatross on the basis of its bill and nostril morphology and gave it the name ''Diomedea demersa''. The African penguin is a banded penguin, placed in the genus ''Spheniscus''. The other banded penguins are the African penguin's closest relatives, and are all found mainly in the Southern Hemisphere: the Humboldt penguin and Magellanic penguins found in southern South America, and the Galápagos penguin found in the Pacific Ocean near the equator. All are similar in shape, colour and behaviour. The African penguin is a member of the class Aves, and the order Sphenisciformes. It belongs to the penguin family Spheniscidae. It is classified as ''Spheniscus demersus'', which is somewhat descriptive about its behaviour when analysed with etymology. The genus to which the African penguin belongs to, ''Spheniscus'', derives from the Ancient Greek word ''sphen'', which means ''wedge''. This refers to their streamlined body shape. Its species name, ''demersus'', is a Latin word for "plunging".〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「African penguin」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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